口蹄疫灭活疫苗蛋白质含量测定操作程序的确立

为优化用于口蹄疫灭活疫苗蛋白质含量测定的改良Lowry法,进而确立口蹄疫灭活疫苗蛋白质含量测定的操作程序,探索了有机溶剂破乳剂、酚红以及丙酮沉淀对测定结果影响。结果表明：样品中含酚红和有机溶剂均导致测定值较标准值高;有机溶剂破乳后,水相样经过丙酮沉淀测定值较标准值低;丙酮直接沉淀疫苗后测定蛋白质值与标准值符合度最高,丙酮沉淀回收率随蛋白浓度升高而升高,回收率在90％～100％之间。试验首次确立了改良Lowry法检测口蹄疫灭活疫苗中蛋白质含量的操作程序为丙酮直接沉淀疫苗后测定蛋白质浓度。并成功应用于口蹄疫灭活疫苗蛋白质含量的测定。     

应用于无标记质谱定量分析的生物信息学软件研究进展

在过去的10年间,伴随着蛋白质组学定量质谱实验技术的发展,产生了大量相应的数据处理手段。本文阐述了定量质谱的主要实验手段及其原理,介绍了不同无标记质谱数据分析软件的特点及其用途,并列举已有的常用定量质谱数据分析软件类型。本综述对研究人员更好地寻找适合实验目的的计算机软件以及编写新型数据分析软件具有一定的参考价值。     

马媾疫锥虫SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种特异、快速的媾疫锥虫检测方法,本研究通过PCR方法从马媾疫锥虫动基体基因组中扩增得到395 bp的特异的保守序列,将其克隆到pMD-18T载体中构建重组质粒标准品,以10倍倍比稀释的质粒标准品为模板,进行SYBR GreenⅠ荧光定量PCR扩增并制作标准曲线,建立马媾疫锥虫荧光定量PCR的检测方法。结果表明:该方法的检测灵敏度可达到1拷贝/μL,并且与马属动物其他传染病无交叉反应。其组间及组内变异系数分别小于3.183%和3.842%。该方法的建立为快速及特异性检测马媾疫锥虫提供了有效的方法。     

基于表面等离子体共振的核酸传感器研究进展

表面等离子体共振(surface plasmon resonance,SPR)生物传感器是一种基于物理光学原理的新型生化分析系统。近年来,因其具有无需标记、高灵敏度、高特异性、实时和快速等优势而广泛应用于各个领域,如临床诊断、转基因成分定性及定量检测、病毒鉴定、环境微生物检测、药物筛选及遗传分析等。它在不需要标记甚至无需纯化生物组分的天然条件下,将核酸探针作为识别因子修饰到传感器芯片表面上,并可实时监测一些特殊的分子互作信息。然而,基于SPR技术的核酸传感器鲜有系统性的报道,因此对有关表面等离子体共振现象的形成及其作为核酸敏感检测手段的原理、应用及发展趋势等问题作了简要的介绍,旨在为生物传感研究提供相应的参考依据。     

Characterizing the Serum Proteome of Donkeys (Equus asinus)

Serum and plasma are commonly used in clinical practice considering the widely accepted fact that the “normal” protein expression pattern of a healthy animal changes under disease conditions. We herein used a label-free mass spectrometry–based quantitative proteomics approach to characterize the serum proteome of donkeys. A total of 277 unique proteins were identified from 2,388 unique peptides. Gene ontology analyses showed that the most frequent processes were related to metabolic activities and biological regulation, response to stimulus, and immune system processes. The main annotated areas of origin were the extracellular region, extracellular region part, and organelle, and their molecular functions included binding, catalytic activity, and molecular function regulator. Analyses using the Clusters of Orthologous Groups for Eukaryotic Complete Genomes database indicated that the identified proteins could be categorized into three main groups: signal transduction mechanisms, amino acid transport and metabolism, and defense mechanisms. Most of the unique proteins were associated with the complement and coagulation cascades, and they participated in several disease-related metabolic pathways. Our results should be crucial for further analyses of changes in different physiological and pathophysiological conditions in donkeys.     

Seasonal differences in rumen bacterial flora of wild Hokkaido sika deer and partial characterization of an unknown bacterial group possibly involved in fiber digestion in winter

Rumen digesta was obtained from wild Hokkaido sika deer to compare bacterial flora between summer and winter. Bacterial flora was characterized with molecular‐based approaches and enrichment cultivation. Bacteroidetes was shown as a major phylum followed by Firmicutes, with similar proportions in both seasons. However, two phylogenetically unique groups in Bacteroidetes were found in each season: unknown group A in winter and unknown group B in summer. The ruminal abundance of unknown group A was the highest followed by Ruminococcus flavefaciens in winter. Moreover, the abundance of these two was higher in winter than in summer. In contrast, the abundance of unknown group B was higher in summer than in winter. In addition, this group showed the highest abundance in summer among the bacteria quantified. Unknown group A was successfully enriched by cultivating with oak bark and sterilized rumen fluid, particularly that from deer. Bacteria of this group were distributed in association with the solid rather than the liquid rumen fraction, and were detected as small cocci. Accordingly, unknown group A is assumed to be involved in degradation of fibrous materials. These results suggest that wild Hokkaido sika deer develop a rumen bacterial flora in response to changes in dietary conditions.     

基于iTRAQ质谱分析技术筛选南方型紫花苜蓿根部响应盐胁迫差异表达蛋白

为了从蛋白质水平上揭示南方型紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa ‘Millennium’)适应盐胁迫的分子机制,本研究以30 d苗龄的南方型紫花苜蓿实生苗为材料,分析正常培养和250 mmol/L NaCl处理72 h后根中的蛋白表达变化,采用同位素相对标记与绝对定量技术(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ)结合双向液相色谱与串联质谱(2-dimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,2D-LC-MS/MS)定量蛋白质组技术鉴定南方型紫花苜蓿根部响应盐胁迫差异表达蛋白,对所获得差异蛋白进行生物信息学分析,筛选出可能耐盐潜在靶标蛋白.同时,选择5个差异表达蛋白进行实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)验证.结果表明,共鉴定3 857种定量蛋白,534种差异蛋白(变化倍数≥1.2,P＜0.05),其中表达上调的281种,表达下调的253种.基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)分子功能提示这些差异性蛋白主要参与转运活性、催化活性和酶调控活性.京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes,KEGG)通路显著性富集于代谢途径、次生代谢产物生物合成、苯丙氨酸代谢和核糖体等(P＜ 0.05,错误发现率(false discovery rate,FDR)＜ 0.05).成功鉴定的差异蛋白分别涉及到信号传递(8.99％)、抗氧化物(7.68％)、防御(5.61％)、蛋白质合成、加工和降解(14.79％)、能量产生与转运(5.81％)、代谢(26.97％)、膜与胞内运输(5.62％)和细胞结构、分裂和细胞骨架(2.06％)等.差异表达蛋白中与信号传递、抗氧化物和防御等相关的蛋白表达量总体上调,而与代谢和能量产生与转运相关蛋白表达量总体下调.qRT-PCR实验发现,mRNA与蛋白质表达水平并不一致.研究发现组氨酸磷酸转移蛋白、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶、h类硫氧还蛋白、蛋氨酸亚砜还原酶基因、鸟苷二磷酸(guanosine diphosphate, GDP)解离抑制因子、脂质转移蛋白、β-1,2-木糖基转移酶和H2A/H2B/H3/H4核心组蛋白等可能是紫花苜蓿耐盐潜在靶标蛋白.本研究采用iTRAQ结合2D-LC-MS/MS技术,有效地筛选出南方型紫花苜蓿根部响应盐胁迫差异表达蛋白,为深入认识紫花苜蓿盐胁迫的应答分子调控机制奠定了坚实的基础.     

辅助和正常出壳鸭胚肝脏差异蛋白质组学分析

本研究应用同位素标记相对和绝对定量(isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation,iTRAQ)技术结合质谱鉴定与生物信息学方法,研究鸭(Anas platyrhynchos domestica)胚胎(鸭胚)孵化过程中出现弱胚现象的分子调控机理,筛选辅助出壳鸭胚肝脏组织差异表达的蛋白.结果表明,共鉴定获得136个差异蛋白,与正常出壳组相比,辅助出壳组有76个蛋白表达上调,60个蛋白表达下调.基因本体(Gene Ontology,GO)注释和通路富集分析表明,这些差异蛋白主要与糖代谢、氧气运输、细胞骨架、应激反应以及氧化还原代谢等生物过程相关,其中辅助出壳组糖酵解通路中的4种酶和细胞呼吸通路中的3种酶表达均显著上调(P＜0.05),参与肌动蛋白丝生物过程的7种蛋白也均表达上调,而参与氧气运输的3种血红蛋白和应激保护的3种热休克蛋白表达显著下调(P＜0.05).利用qRT-PCR检测顺乌头酸酶1(cytoplasmic aconitate hydratase 1,ACO1)、醛缩酶B(fructose-bisphosphate aldolase B,ALDOB)、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶1 (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1,G3P1)和热休克71 kD同源蛋白(heat shock cognate 71 kD protein,HSPA8)4个基因mRNA水平的表达,结果仅ACO1 mRNA和蛋白质水平表达模式一致.结果表明,弱胚可能与糖代谢和呼吸代谢等生物过程变化有关,辅助出壳组能量和代谢率较低.研究结果为更好理解鸭胚孵化过程中出现弱胚现象的分子调控机理提供了蛋白质组学信息.     

Discrimination of geographical origin of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by multielement analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and multivariate analysis

This study aims to determine the authenticity of the geographical origin of rice using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and chemometrics. The profiles of 25 elements in brown rice measured by ICP-AES were subjected to data-mining processes, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). PLS-DA clearly discriminated the geographical origin of rice samples grown in three countries. Eleven elements (Cu, Ag, Zn, Cr, Ca, Ba, Cd, Bi, K, Pb, and In) significantly contributed to the ability to discriminate the geographical origin of the rice. These results demonstrate the use of multielement profiling combined with chemometrics as a tool for discriminating food origins. This study extends our knowledge about the applications of both multielement profiling and chemometrics for the determination of food authenticity, and thus can be useful for controlling the geographical origin of rice by governmental administration and protecting consumers from improper domestic labeling.     

玉米赤霉烯酮的表面等离子体共振芯片无标记快速测定

玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)是农产品中一种常见的真菌毒素,严重危害食品安全。现有ZEN检测方法存在操作复杂、仪器贵重、样品通常需要标记等问题。基于自行设计的便携式表面等离子体共振(Surface plasmon resonance,SPR)生物传感器,制备了用于ZEN检测的生物芯片,提出直接检测法和抑制检测法。实验结果表明,直接检测法适用于ZEN抗体筛选与免疫动力学基础研究;抑制检测法的检测限小于2 ng/m L,完成一个样品检测仅需6 min,可用于痕量ZEN毒素小分子的快速检测。基于表面等离子体共振的ZEN检测方法简单,无需标记,仪器便携,成本低,可用于现场快速检测。